1 .John Colpoys to Admiral Young,November 27,1776,Adm 1 / 309(Pt.Ⅲ),f.589,PRO;Barbara W.Tuchman,The First Salute :A View of the American Revolution (New York:Knopf,1988),pp.5-6,16,43,54-55,57.關於聖•克魯伊島(St.Croix)的致禮見H.Kelly to Vice Admiral Young,Antigua,October 27,1776,enclosed in Germain to Suffolk,March 14,1777,Adm 1/309(Pt.Ⅲ and IV),PRO;The Danish American Gazette,April 16,1777;Franklin L.Jameson,“St.Eustatius and the American Revolution,”American Historical Review 8(1902-3):691。
2 .Helen Augur,The Secret War of Independence (New York:Little,Brown,1955),p.52;Journal of a Lady of Quality;Being the Narrative of a Journey from Scotland to the Caribbean,North Carolina and Portugal,in the Years 1774 to 1776,ed.Evangeline W.Andrews and Charles M.Andrews(New Haven,Conn.:Yale University Press,1921),pp.136-37.
3 .Young to Heylinger,May 20,1776,Adm 1/309 f.488,PRO;John Colpoys to Young,November 27,1776,Adm 1/309,f.589,PRO;F.C.van Oosten,“Some Notes Concerning the Dutch Caribbean During the American Revolutionary War,”American Neptune 36(1976):165;letters of Van Bibber(November 1776),Maryland Archives ,12:423,436,quoted by Jameson,“St Eustatius in the American Revolution,”pp.690-91;Florence Lewisohn,“St.Eustatius:Depot for Revolution,”Revista /Review Interamericana 5(1975-76):625;John E.Selby,The Revolution in Virginia ,1775-1783(1988;repr.Charlottesville:University of Virginia Press,2007),pp.171-72;Richard Sampson,Escape in America :The British Convention Prisoners 1777-1783(Chippenham:Picton Publishing,1995),p.19.
4 .Lewisohn,“St.Eustatius:Depot for Revolution,”625;“Extract of a private letter from a gentleman in St.Kitt's,to his friend in Stirling,dated June 14,”Morning Post ,August 17,1779;Lewisohn,“St.Eustatius:Depot for Revolution,”p.626;[James Ramsay],“Observations on the Caribbean Station,”January 1780,Germain Papers,WCLC,vol.ii;[James Ramsay] “Thoughts on the Charibbean Station” December 5,1778,Germain Papers,WCLC,vol.8;Richard Buel Jr.,In Irons :Britain's Naval Supremacy and the American Revolutionary Economy (New Haven,Conn.:Yale University Press,1998),pp.229,120,178,180;Christie to Germain,8 February,1781,James Ramsay to Germain,March 1,1781,[James Ramsay].“Of St.Eustatius,”March 1781,Germain Papers,WLCL,vol.14(unfoliated);speech of Lord George Germain in the House of Commons,May 14,1781,St.James's Chronicle ,May 12-14,1781.
5 .Hood to Jackson,June 24,1781,Letters Written by Sir Samuel Hood ,Viscount Hood in 1781-83,ed.David Hannay(London:Navy Records Society,1895),p.18.
6 .Shelburne quoted in Kenneth Breen,“Sir George Rodney and St.Eustatius in the American War:A Commercial and Naval Distraction,1775-81,”Mariner's Mirror 84(May 1998):100.
7 .Sandwich to Rodney,March 8,1780,The Private Papers of John ,Earl of Sandwich ,First Lord of the Admiralty 1771-1782,ed.G.R.Barnes and J.H.Owen,4 vols.(London:Navy Records Society,1932-38),3:206;N.A.M.Rodger,The Insatiable Earl :A Life of John Montagu ,Fourth Earl of Sandwich (New York:Norton,1994),pp.327,305;John Creswell,British Admirals of the Eighteenth Century .:Tactics in Battle (Hamden,Conn.:Archon Books,1972),p.151;Piers Mackesy,The War for America 1775-1783(1964;repr.Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,1993),p.473.
8 .Memoirs of Richard Cumberland :London 1806,ed.Henry Flanders (1856;repr.New York:Benjamin Blom,1969),p.208.
9 .The House of Commons 1754-1790,ed.Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke,3 vols.(London:H.M.Stationery Office,1964),3:368-69;Flanders,Memoirs of Richard Cumberland ,p.209.
10 .Young to Stephens,April 7,1776,March 9,1777,Adm 1/309,ff.458,657;Macartney to Germain,October 22,1777,CO 101/21,PRO;Robert C.Alberts,The Golden Voyage :The Life and Times of William Bingham 1752-1804(Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1969),44;Augur,The Secret War of Independence ,pp.54,105-10,114-28,203-4,206-7;Andrews,Journal of a Lady of Quality ,pp.120,124,275-77.
11 .Orlando W.Stephenson,“The Supply of Gunpowder in 1776,”America Historical Review 30,no.2(1925):271,274,277,279,281;Macartney to Germain,October 22,1777,CO 101/21,PRO;Selby,The Revolution in Virginia ,p.172;Augur,The Secret War of Independence ,pp.54,85-86.
12 .Alan G.Jamieson,“War in the Leeward Islands 1775-1783”(D.Phil.thesis,Oxford University,1981),p.ix;David Spinney,Rodney (London:Allen & Unwin,1969),pp.298,354;N.A.M.Rodger,The Command of the Ocean :A Naval History of Britain ,1649-1815(New York:Norton,2004),pp.399,487.
13 .Rodney to Sandwich,February 7,1781,Barnes and Owen,Sandwich Papers ,4:148;Brendan Simms,Three Victories and a Defeat :The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire ,1714-1783(New York:Basic Books,2007),p.646;James Gillray,The Dutchman in the DUMPs (London:William Humphrey,April 9,1781),JCB Political Cartoons,BM 5837,John Carter Brown Library,Brown University;Vincent Morley,Irish Opinion and the American Revolution ,1760-1783(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2002),p.343.
14 .“Extract of a Letter from St.Eustatia,”March 6,London Chronicle ,April 12-14,1781;Richard Downing Jennings,“Case of an English Subject at the Capture of St.Eustatius by Lord Rodney and General Vaughan in the year 1781”(1784),Sydney Papers,vol.12,f.14,WLCL;speech of Edmund Burke,December 4,1782,St.James's Chronicle ,February 2-February 5,1782;ibid.,May14,1781,May 12-14,1781;Ronald Hurst,The Golden Rock :An Episode of the American War of Independence ,1775-1783(London:Leo Cooper,1996),p.139.
15 .Rodney to Stephens,February 12,1781,Adm 1/314,f.50,PRO;Royal Gazette ,April 14,1781;Sheldon Cohen,British Supporters of the American Revolution ,1775-1783:The Role Of The “Middling-level ” Activists (Woodbridge:Boydell Press,2004),p.37;James Ramsay to Germain,March 31,1781,Germain Papers,vol.14(unfoliated),WLCL.
16 .Revd.James Ramsay to Germain,March 31,1781,Germain Papers,vol.14(unfoliated),WLCL.
17 .Hurst,The Golden Rock ,p.7;Norman F.Barka,“Citizens of St.Eustatius,1781:A Historical and Archaeological Study,”in The Lesser Antilles in the Age of European Expansion ,ed.Robert L.Paquette and Stanley L.Engerman(Gainesville;University Press of Florida,1996),p.228;Andrews,Journal of a Lady of Quality ,pp.136-37.
18 .Jennings,“The Case of an English Subject at the Capture of Saint Eustatius,”Sydney Papers,vol.12,f.14,WLCL;speech of Edmund Burke,14 May,1781,St.James's Chronicle ,May 12-14,1781;James Ramsay to Germain,March 31,1781,Germain Papers,vol.14(unfoliated),WLCL.
19 .Jennings,“Case of an English Subject at the Capture of Saint Eustatius,”Sydney Papers,vol.11,f.14,WLCL;speech of Edmund Burke,May 14,1781,St.James's Chronicle ,May 12-14,1781.
20 .The New Annual Register ,a General Repository of History ,Politics and Literature ,for the Year 1782(London:G.Robinson,1783),p.29.
21 .Spinney,Rodney ,p.369;Hurst,The Golden Rock ,p.26;Rodney to Stephens,February 12,1781,Adm 1/314,ff.48-49,PRO;Vaughan to Howe,October 17,1777,CO/5/94,PRO;“Copy of a Letter from Admiral Rodney to the Marquis de Bouille,”Maryland Gazette ,May 31,1781.
22 .Rodney to Stephens,March 9,1781 quoted in GeneralAdvertizer ,July 4,1786;Rodney and Vaughan to Germain,June 25,1781,CO 28/58,PRO;Rodney to Lady Rodney,April 23,1781,in G.B.Mundy,Life and Correspondence of the Late Admiral Lord Rodney,2 vols.(London:J.Murray,1830),2:97;Rodney to Stephens,June 29,1781,Adm 1/314,f.214,PRO.
23 .Rodney to Stephens,March 6,1781,Adm 1/314,PRO;Rodney to Stephens,March 17,1781,Adm 1/314,f.61,PRO.
24 .General Howe to Admiral James Young,30 January,1776,Adm 1/309,f.415,PRO;Sir Henry Calder to Germain,St.Lucia,September 19,1779,CO 318/7,PRO;“Petition of the West India Merchants and Planters to the King,”April 6,1781,Shelburne Papers,vol.79,f.173,WLCL;Anon.,A Speech which was Spoken in the House of Assembly of St Christopher Upon a motion made on Tuesday the 6th of November ,1781,For Presenting An Address to His Majesty ,Relative to The Proceedings of Admiral Rodney and General Vaughan at St.Eustatius And the Present Dangerous Situation of The West India Islands (London:J.Debrett,1782),p.28;Jennings,“Case of an English Subject at the Capture of Saint Eustatius,”Sydney Papers,vol.12,f.5,WLCL;H.M.Scott,British Foreign Policy in the Age of the American Revolution (Oxford:Clarendon Press,1990),p.287.
25 .Vaughan and Rodney to Germain,July 3,1781,CO 318/7,PRO;Spinney,Rodney ,pp.375,377;Hurst,The Golden Rock ,p.137;“Orders given by Sir George Bridges Rodney to his Agents,”July 31,1781,Sydney Papers,vol.9(unfoliated),WLCL;Anon.,A Speech which was Spoken in the House of the Assembly of St.Christopher ,p.25.
26 .Armstrong Starkey,“War and Culture,a Case Study:The Enlightenment and the Conduct of the British Army in America,1755-1781,”War and Society 8(May 1990):8-9.
27 .Eliga H.Gould,“Zones of Laws,Zones of Violence:The Legal Geography of the British Atlantic,circa 1772,”William and Mary Quarterly ,3d ser.,60,no.3(July 2003):474-75,476,479,483,486,489-90,496,497,507.
28 .Speech of Edmund Burke,14 May,1781,St.James's Chronicle ,May 12-14,1781;Anon.,A Speech which was Spoken in the House of Assembly of St.Christopher ,p.16;Richard Neave to Germain,April 26,1781,Germain Papers,vol.14(unfoliated),WLCL;Germain to Vaughan,March 30,1781,CO 318/8,PRO.
29 .Spinney,Rodney ,pp.268,274,278,284-85,286,287,290;Christopher Lloyd,“Sir George Rodney:Lucky Admiral,”in George Washington's Generals and Opponents :Their Exploits and Leadership ,ed.George Athan Billias,2 vols.in 1(1964,1969;repr.New York:Da Capo Press,1994),2:332;Flanders,Memoirs of Richard Cumberland ,p.207.
30 .See Spinney,Rodney ,pp.20-21 for childhood and father;for gambling,ibid.,pp.111,225,239,273,for lavish lifestyle,ibid.,p.219;for Northampton election,ibid.,p.236;for loans and financial decline,ibid.,pp.217,238,240,241,246,249,264,266.
31 .Hood to Jackson,May 21,1781,quoted in W.M.James,The British Navy in Adversity :A Study of the War of American Independence (London;Longmans,Green,1926),p.257;Hood to Jackson,June 24,1781,Hannay,Letters Written by Sir Samuel Hood ,p.18;N.A.M.Rodger,The Wooden World :Anatomy of the Georgian Navy (London:Fontana Press,1990),p.323;David Syrett,The Royal Navy in American Waters 1775-1783(Aldershot:Scolar Press,1989),p.154;John A.Tilley,The British Navy and the American Revolution (Columbia:University of South Carolina Press,1987),p.201;Spinney,Rodney ,pp.129,215,216,367.
32 .Rodney to Lady Rodney,23 April,1781,in Mundy,Life and Correspondence of the Late Admiral Lord Rodney ,2:100;Rodney to Lady Rodney,March 18,1781,Greenwich 35 MS 0292,quoted in Spinney,Rodney ,p.367;Rodney to George Rodney,February 6,1781,Rodney Papers(Belsize Park) quoted in Spinney,Rodney ,380;Donald G.F.W.MacIntyre,Admiral Rodney (London:Peter Davies,1962),p.16;Hood to Jackson,June 24,1781,Hannay,Letters Written by Sir Samuel Hood ,p.18.
33 .Jennings,“Case of an English Subject at the Capture of Saint Eustatius,”Sydney Papers,vol.12,f.20,WLCL;ibid.,ff.15,20,17;speech of Edmund Burke,December 4,1781,St.James's Chronicle ,December 4-6,1781;The Annual Register (1783),p.26;Spinney,Rodney ,p.368.
34 .Byron to Stephens,August 3,1779,Adm 1/312,f.111,PRO;Aretas Akers to Charles Lyell,July 27,1779,Adm 1/312,f.115,PRO;Richard Downing Jennings,“Account of the proceedings of Lord Rodney and General Vaughan at St.Eustatius,”April 9,1789,Sydney Papers,vol.15(unfoliated),WLCL;James Ramsay to Vaughan,June 26,1780,CO 318/6,f.169,PRO,acknowledges help of Akers in procuring information;Akers to Rodney,December 28,1780,January 19,1781,January 31,1781,30/20/261,ff.9,14-15,17,PRO;Capt.W.Young to Sir Charles Middleton,December 26,1780,Letters and Papers of Charles ,Lord Barham ,Admiral of the Red Squadron ,1758-1813,ed.Sir J.K.Laughton,3 vols.(London;Navy Records Society,1906-10),1:86.
35 .Spinney,Rodney ,pp.121,266-67,275;Rodger,The Insatiable Earl ,p.196.
36 .The Annual Register (1783),p.27;Tilley,The British Navy and the American Revolution ,p.201;Syrett,The Royal Navy in American Waters ,pp.154-55;Tuchman,The First Salute ,p.172.
37 .Spinney,Rodney ,pp.141,201-2,206,255.Ibid.,p.201,David Spinney defends Rodney against what he calls myths and legends that treat the admiral as “a self-centered and rapacious careerist.”
38 .Spinney,Rodney ,pp.346,347,349;Rodger,The Insatiable Earl ,pp.284-88;Syrett,The Royal Navy in American Waters ,pp.152-59;Tilley,The British Navy and the American Revolution ,p.198;Arbuthnot to Germain,December 19,1780,Historical Manuscripts Commission,Report on the Manuscripts of Mrs.Stopford-Sackville of Drayton House ,Northamptonshire ,2 vols.(London:H.M.Stationery Office,1910),2:190.
39 .Hurst,The Golden Rock ,p.143;Revd.James Ramsay to Germain,March 1,1781,Germain Papers,vol.14(unfoliated),WLCL;Jennings,“Case of an English Subject at the Capture of Saint Eustatius,”Sydney Papers,vol.12,f.14,WLCL;Rodney to Vaughan,February 6,1781,Vaughan Papers,vol.3,f.21,WLCL;James Ramsay to Germain,March 11781,Germain Papers,vol.14(unfoliated),WLCL;“The Most Humble Address of the Wardens and Elders of the Hebrew Congregation to His Excellency the Hon.John Vaughan,Major General and Commander in Chief of His Majesty's Army in the Leeward Islands,”CO 28/58,PRO;Rodney to Stephens,February 8,1772,Adm 1/238,PRO;Rodney to Stephens,March 12,1774,Adm 1/239,PRO;Westminster Journal April 18,1772;Hurst,The Golden Rock ,p.143;Stephen Alexander Fortune,Merchants and Jews :The Struggle for British West Indian Commerce ,1650-1750(Gainesville:University Press of Florida,1984),pp.104,126,139,145.
40 .Revd.James Ramsay to Germain,March 1,1781,Germain Papers,vol.14(unfoliated),WLCL.羅德尼從未獲得歷史學家對納爾遜那種毫無保留的景仰,Lloyd,“Sir George Rodney:Lucky Admiral,”p.327,認為其“對戰利品的貪婪”,“侵蝕了其勝利的軍事影響篱”。Rodger,The Insatiable Earl ,p.176認為,除了羅德尼,英國海軍基本免於腐敗和恩庇關係。羅德尼 “基本沒有表現高級軍官急需的可靠和可信”。獨立觀察家認為“屬於別人的那些貪婪和惡毒經常就是他的特徵”。Syrett,The Royal Navy in American Waters ,p.154,表示,羅德尼在海軍界擁有僭越權篱、搜刮申邊的每一個扁士的名聲。David Spinney儘管試圖以欠債為海軍上將正名,但就聖優斯特歇斯事件也承認,“無從為喬治爵士的行冬、情甘和報復心辯護”。另見 Rodger,Wooden World ,pp.124,323,324,325,338,339;on Rodney's nepotism,Spinney,Rodney ,pp.250,251,274,354,380,407;on his financial malfeasance,ibid.,pp.266,267,275。
41 .Ramsay to Germain,March 15,1781,Germain Papers,vol.14(unfoliated),WLCL;Pennsylvania Journal ,August 4,1781;petition of the West India Planters and Merchants to the king,April 6,1781,Shelburne Papers,vol.79,f.173,WLCL;Richard Neave,chairman of the society,to Germain,April 26,1781,Germain Papers,vol.14(unfoliated),WLCL;Pennsylvania Journal ,December 22,1781.請願未見於西印度商人的會議記錄,但在沦敦印刷出版,London Chronicle ,April 12-14,1781,and Lloyd's Evening Post ,April 13-15,1781.
42 .Ian R.Christie,The End of North's Ministry ,1780-1782(London:Macmillan,1958),p.261;The Last Journals of Horace Walpole During the Reign of George Ⅲ,ed.A.Francis Steuart,2 vols.(London:John Lane,1910),1:362;The Annual Register (1783),pp.24-30.
43 .The Annual Register (1783),pp.68-69.
44 .The Historical and the Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall 1772-1784, ed.Henry B.Wheatley,5 vols.(1836;repr.London:Bickers & Son,1884),2:115,116,166;Steuart,The Last Journals of Horace Walpole ,2:385.
45 .Spinney,Rodney ,pp.420-21,423,426;Hurst,The Golden Rock ,p.139;Jennings,“Case of an English Subject at the Capture of Saint Eustatius,”Sydney Papers,vol.12,f.22,WLCL;Breen,“Sir George Rodney and St.Eustatius in the American War,”pp.200-202.
46 .Spinney,Rodney ,p.420;Jennings,“Case of an English Subject at the Capture of Saint Eu-statius,”Sydney Papers,vol.12,ff.15,19,WLCL;Margaret Marion Spector,The American Department of the British Government ,1768-1782(New York:Columbia University Press,1940),p.129;Augur,The Secret War of Independence ,pp.324-25.
47 .Affidavit of Major Nichols,March 24,1786,quoted in the General Advertiser ,4 July,1786;Spinney,Rodney ,383;“Account of the controversy over Rodney's actions in the St.Eustatius Affair,”General Advertiser ,4 July,1786,copy in the Sydney Papers,vol.13(unfoliated),WLCL.有證詞指責北美事務部僱傭的琴英派Arthur Savage,他向一名聖優斯特歇斯的英國商人Richard Downing Jennings出售文件,但羅德尼並未使用他掌涡的檔案。薩維奇實際已經承認向詹金斯歸還文件,因為文件上沒有不利於原所有人的內容。見Hurst,The Golden Rock ,p 229;declaration of Arthur Savage concerning St.Eustatius,July 1786,Sydney Papers,vol.13(unfoliated),WLCL。
48 .General Advertizer ,4 July,1786,copy in the Sydney Papers,vol.13(unfoliated),WLCL;Buel,In Irons ,pp.44,190.聖優斯特歇斯的陷落實際上是軍事手冊上經典的突襲案例。Robert Selig,“The French Capture of St.Eustatius,26 November,1781,”Journal of Caribbean History 27,no.2(1993):129-43.
49 .Banastre Tarleton,A History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 in the Southern Provinces of North America (1787;repr.Cranbury,N.J.:The Scholar's Bookshelf,2005),pp.363-64;Anon.,A Speech which was Spoken in the House of Assembly of St.Christopher ,p.11;Spinney,Rodney ,pp.362-63.
50 .Hood to George Jackson,May 21,1781,Hannay,Letters Written by Sir Samuel Hood ,pp.13-15.